30 Extra Credit Questions Janet Shepherd History 121 English 112

Jabari Stafford

English 112, HIS 101

Stephen Brandon, Janet Sheperd

4/26/13

1)      A. Protestant Reformation – “the protestant reformation was a major 16^th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.” This was started by Martin Luther from Germany during the 16^th century.

Citations: 1. “The Protestant Reformation.” The Protestant Reformation. N.p., n.d. Web 19Apr.2013.

                 2. http:www.thefreedictionary.com/Protestant+Reformation, Farlex, n.d. Web

B. Indentured Servant- “settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. N. pag.Print

C. Puritanism – a movement within the church of England, which was started to purify the Church of England.

“Calvinist theology and polity proved to be major influences in the in the formation of Puritan teachings.”

Citations: 1. “Puritanism (religion).” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013

D. Mercantilism – “Policy of great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country. “

“The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.”

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. Print

E. Republic – “a political system or form of government in which people elect representatives to exercise power for them.

F. Manumission – “ the formal act of freeing from slavery.”

Citation: 1 “WordNet Search – 3.1. “WordNetSearch – 3.1 N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013

G. Capitalism – promotes prosperity, democracy, and peace. An economic system on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.

Citations: “Capitalism.” Definition. N.p., n.d. Web 22 Apr.2013.

H. Industrialization –

I. Universal Male Suffrage –

J. Share Cropping – type of form tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which land-less workers –often former slaves—farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop. Sharecropping took place a lot in VA and NC.

Citations: Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton and, 2012 Print.

2) Who were Hernan Cortes and Mocetezuma and how did they change North America history?

Cortez was a general of the Spaniards. He took over the most powerful empire on the American Continent with only about 500 men. Mocetezuma was an Aztec emperor, approximately the 9^th. He ruled an empire of about 5 million individuals.

Citations: 1. “War and Battle Directory.” History Curriculum Homeschool. Heritage –History, n.d. Web. 23 Apr.2013

2. “Mocetezuma II.” Mocetezuma II. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013

8) What is the middle passage? The middle passage linked Europe, Africa, and America. A voyage across the Atlantic.

Sources: 1. Give Me Liberty Seagulls Third Edition Pg. 135

4) How did Opechancanough change Virginia and U.S. history? His rebellions and surprise attacks changed Virginia.

Sources: 1. Give Me Liberty Seagulls Third Edition Pg.60-61

5) What and when was the Restoration and how did it impact the British empire and the colonies?

6) Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson and how did they change U.S. history? Roger Williams is the founder of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson believed in woman rights and fought for them. She is the first American feminist. She lived under the Puritan rule.

Citations: 1. “Anne Hutchinson (American Religious Leader).” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web.23 Apr.2013.

                 2. “Roger Williams.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web.23 Apr.2013

7) What and when was the Glorious Revolution and how did it affect the U.S. and American Politics? The Glorious Revolution was in 1688, and it “established parliamentary supremacy once and for all and secured the Protestant succession to the throne.

Citations: Foner, Eric. “3 Creating Anglo-America.” Give Me Liberty . 3^rd.Ed New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012.105.Print.

3)      What is the Columbia Exchange? The transatlantic flow of goods and people. People learned new cultures, foods, and languages.

Sources: Give Me Liberty Seagulls Third Edition Pg.22

9) Who were the Tories and how did they affect the development of American politics in the 1700s? They were found in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson. They favored federal responsibility. Tories were the opposite of the Whigs and were for the king.

Citations: “Whig and Tory (historical British Political Party).” Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 23. Apr.2013.

10) Who was John Peter Zenger and how is he significant to civil rights? His famous trial for freedom of press took place in 1735. He was tried for seditious libel. He was found not guilty.

Citations: Foner, Eric. “Chapter 4 Slavery, Freedom, and The Struggle For Empire.” Give Me Liberty, 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. 156-57. Print

11) What is the Riot Act?

12) What happened at the Lexington and Concord and when did it happen? The first battle of the revolutionary war, on April19, 1775. “Approximately 100 minutemen and 250 British soldiers were killed.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. A:69 Print.

13)Who was Lord Cornwallis? He was the British commander in the south. He encamped at Yorktown on a peninsula. “October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his army of 8,000 men.”

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Chapter 5 The American Revolution.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 201.209.Print.

14) What is the Bill of Rights and why is it so significant? The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It guarantees individual rights against infringement by the federal government.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd Ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. A:58.Print.

15) Who is Daniel Shays and how did he change American History? He started a rebellion in 1787 for debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes. He was from Massachusetts.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &,2012. A:78.Print.

16) Who were Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr and how did their relationship affect American History? Aaron Burr was from New York and represented the republicans with Thomas Jefferson as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton was “a youthful leader of the nationalists of the 1780s.” He was born on in the West Indies in 1755. Their animosity towards one another caused a duel between the which resulted in Hamilton’s death.

Citations: 1. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr Dueled to the Death.” Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr Dueled to the Death. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013

                 2. Foner, Eric Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012.Print.

17) Who was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and what role did he play in American politics? He was a South Carolina delegate. He explained “such bills generally begin with declaring that all men are by nature born free,” a declaration that would come “with a very bad grace, when a large part of our property consists in men who are actually born slaves.”

18) Who was John Marshall and how did he repeatedly affect U.S. history? He became a chief justice later in life. John Marshall’s supreme court had much power.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. 3^rd Ed. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2012.Print.

19) A. Stamp Act – This took place in 1765. “Parliament required that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, and playing cards. The act was repealed the following year.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd Ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. A:79.Print.

B. Intolerable Acts – These acts united the colonies  in opposition to what was widely seen as a direct threat to their political freedom. These laws were passed by the British Parliament.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Chapter 5 The American Revolution.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd Ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012.N.pag.Print.

C. Northwest Ordinance – This took place in 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory. North of the Ohio River and West of Pennsylvania prohibited slavery.

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Glossary.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012.  A:73. Print

D. Sedition Act – This took place in 1918, and 1798.

“In 191, the Sedition Act made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast “contempt, scorn, or disrepute.” (Pg. 732)

Citations: 1. Foner, Eric. “Chapter 19 Safe For Democracy.” Give Me Liberty. 3^rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012.N.pag.Print

E. Marbury vs. Madison- first U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law – the Judiciary Act of 1801 –unconstitutional. This included William Marbury and Madison.

Source : Give ME Liberty Textbook Seagulls 3^rd Edition

F. Missouri Compromise – deal proposed by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri’s admission as a slave state. Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory North of the Southern border of Missouri.

G. Compromise of 1850 – Complex compromise devised by Senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a Free State.

H. Dred Scott v. Sandford – U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories.

Source: Give Me Liberty Seagulls 3^rd edition Glossary A:62

I.                    13^th Amendment – this amendment was passed in 1865 I believe. It abolished slavery and any involuntary servitude.

Source: Give Me Liberty A:51

J. Compromise of 1877 – This resolved the disputed election of 1876. This marked the end of reconstruction also.

Source: A:60

20) Who was John C. Calhoun and how did he repeatedly affect American history between 1800 and 1850? He was the most prominent political philosopher in the pre-Civil War south. He was from SC and also was pro-slavery.

21) Who was Eli Whitney and how did he change both U.S. and economic history? He was from Georgia, and a Yale graduate. He invented the cotton gin, which separated the seed from cotton. This caused the United States to produce 5 million pounds of cotton.

22) Who were Gabriel Prosser and Nat Turner and what role did they play in the history of slavery? Nat Turner was the best known of all slave rebels. From South Hampton County, Virginia. He also started a slave rebellion. Gabriel Prosser was an artisan from Richmond, Virginia. He also led a famous slave revolt.

Source: ushistory.org/us/20f.asp

23) Who was Dorothea Dix and what significant role did she play in U.S. politics and women history? Dorothea Dix was a Massachusetts school teacher. She wanted more humane treatment of the insane, and was the cause of many mental hospitals made in 28 different states.

24) What was the Trail of Tears? Cherokees own term for their forced removal. This took place in 1838-1839 from the Southeast to Indian lands. Plenty were forced to march, and a lot died on the way.

25) Who were Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison? Frederick Douglass was an influential African American from the 19^th century. He wrote, “He who has endured the cruel pangs of slavery is the man to advocate liberty.” William Lloyd Garrison was an abolitionist. He also had a pamphlet named “Thoughts On African Colonization.”

26) Who was John Brown and what role did he play in starting the Civil War? John Brown was an abolitionist who was very religious. He was involved in many anti-slavery activities. For two years he promoted a war against slavery by enlisting followers.

27) What and when were Gettysburg and Vicksburg, and what was their significance to the Civil War? It was in southern Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863; The confederates lost at Vicksburg, and this was the turning point of the war.

Source: Give Me Liberty Seagulls Third Edition Glossary A:65

28) Who were John Wilkes Booth, Samuel Mudd, and Mary Surratt and how are they connected to the Lincoln assassination? John Wilkes Booth was the man who supposedly fired the shot that killed Lincoln. Samuel Mudd was connected as a doctor. His patient, John Wilkes Booth was Lincoln’s killer. He lied in the commission and did not reveal his knowledge of the incident. He also did not like Lincoln and his anti-slavery beliefs. Mary Surratt admitted to plotting to kidnap the president. Her son was Booth’s right hand-man.

Sources: 1. Law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Lincolnconspiracy/mudd.html

29) What was the Freed Man’s Bureau? The reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and land-owning.

Source: A:65 Give Me Liberty Seagulls Third Edition

30) Who were Andrew Johnson and Edwin M. Stanton and how did their rivalry affect Reconstruction and American history? Andrew Johnson was a politician from Tennessee. Edwin M. Stanton was a secretary of war. He was from Ohio and was anti-slavery. Stanton used his power to foster stricter Reconstruction than the President wanted. He also worked with Johnson’s enemies.

Source: Britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/563295/Edwin-M-Stanton

   

Ray Puglia Cited Sources English 112

                                                                                

Jabari Stafford

Professor Brandon

English 112

04/18/13

Ray Puglia Cited Sources

11)      "Yahoo! Mail: The Best Web-based Email!" Yahoo! Mail: The Best Web-based Email! N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013.

2

22)      "2nd Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment." 1st Marine Division Units 5TH MARINE REGT 2nd Battalion 4th Marines. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013.

Ray Puglia Biography/ Research Paper English 112

Jabari Stafford

Professor Brandon

English 112

4/18/13

Ray Puglia Research Paper/Biography

In English 112, Dr. Brandon introduced us to a chest with many memories from a man he knew of named, Ray Carmine Puglia. The research activity on Ray Puglia was an entertaining way to find information in class. It was a lot better than going home and doing all the research alone. My group, which included four other individuals, was the main reason for my success in writing this biography/research paper. While doing this research, I noticed Ray Puglia had an interesting life. Our research activity for English 112 was a great way to learn more about Ray and the research process.

                Ray Puglia, born May 10^th, 1915, lived in Pennsylvania during his childhood. He attended Jefferson high school and received his diploma in 1941. Right after graduating high school, he began to work at a blue coal mine located in Pennsylvania. We were not exactly sure what year he joined the Marine Corps, but it was sometime during WWII. He served in the marines for twenty-four years, which is a decent amount of time. He spent around thirty days in Korea between June on 1950 and July of 1953. While he spent time in Korea, he was a part of the biggest land battle in the famous Korean War. His occupation in the Marine Corps most of the time included cooking or stewardship. This was discovered from his many pictures with cakes and pastries. He was also a gunnery sergeant according the additional research from my group.

There were two valuable items we located in his chest. His purple heart, which indicated he was a disabled veteran, and was wounded in action. The other item was an emblem, which said “2^nd Battalion, 4^th Marine.” The nickname was “the Magnificent Bastards.” I believe this meant he did much island hopping. Ray also met his future wife, Eva Marie, while in the marines also. They began to be friends because they both had something in common, which was being from Pennsylvania. Eva was 21 years older than Ray Puglia. Eva also served in the Marines. I am not sure of the exact date of their marriage, but Eva married Ray after her previous husband, Mr. Johnson died. Eva died before Mr. Puglia on April 17, 1969. She is buried in Arlington, VA at the Arlington National Cemetery. Ray’s sunset, I am unsure of, but it had to be after 1985, because in his chest was a letter sent from a friend. All of these precious items, pictures, and books told a sizable amount of information about Ray Puglia.

In conclusion, Ray is a man who spent a large portion of his life in the marines. These were treasured memories of his, which I know he would like to be taken care of. Altogether, Ray is not the most well-known man, but I am sure if other people were to do this assignment, they would definitely respect him for serving our country for such a long time. The group assignment on Ray Puglia is an effective way to analyze valuable items of history and learn the research process all at the same time.

Lincoln Assignment Cited Sources English 112

                                                                                “Lincoln” Cited Sources

1.) http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

2.) "Smithsonian.com." Smithsonian Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013.

3.) Lincoln. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Steven Spielberg, 2012. DVD.

Lincoln Assignment English 112

Jabari A. Stafford

English 112

Professor Brandon

4/15/13

                                “Lincoln” (the Movie)

In this Steven Spielberg film, it displayed Lincoln’s long journey to abolishing slavery as President. It showed many of Lincoln’s characteristics and events of his personal and political life. I discovered a great amount of new information while watching this film. The different things I saw in the movie surprised me. It is believed Lincoln used his power in good ways. Altogether, the movie had interesting facts relevant to history, although I had a difficult time staying focused. After watching “Lincoln” the third time, I understood much better than the first two times. This was a great way for classmates and I to learn more about one of the most important presidents in U.S. history.

                First of all, Lincoln was a republican in politics. He definitely was against slavery and wanted to end slavery. He was considered an abolitionist. Abe Lincoln respected African Americans, and valued their opinions. African-Americans were aware of his concern towards them and their freedom. He did not like the idea of any man being considered someone’s property. He felt like the fate of human dignity was in his hands. (Spielberg) He said “abolishing slavery by constitutional provision settles the fate for all coming time.”(Spielberg) The 13^th amendment was the cure to the Civil War. He felt the war was worthless after the 13^th amendment passed. In the movie, Lincoln said, “there is an invisible strength in the people’s union.” Simply meaning if all races are equal and become one, America will become a better country. Lincoln owned no slaves and neither did his parents. Abe had many accomplishments towards his freeing the slaves as the 16^th president of the United States. One of his accomplishments was passing the second confiscation act, which freed slaves of any one aiding the rebellion; also the “Emancipation Proclamation” and the 13^th amendment, which officially abolished slavery and also indirectly ended the Civil War. This was one of the main differences between Lincoln and Andrew Jackson. He made his profit from slavery, which is the main reason why he supported the idea of keeping slavery. Although he supported slavery, he knew when it was time for battle; all Americans have to work amongst one another. Jackson disliked blacks and Native Americans. His critics considered him a tyrant and say he utilized his powers in detrimental ways. Jackson did anything to win, such as threaten people about losing their jobs. They both differed in their utilization of presidency powers. During the Civil War every American on the Union worked with one another, as did the Confederation. Ulysses S. Grant was the Union General and Robert E. Lee was the Confederates General. There was no complete equality on either side and the races were still segregated. It seemed African-Americans were being paid less than white-Americans in the film. (Spielberg) People of America thought they were not ready for Emancipation. Some of the representatives did not like slavery, but opposed the amendment. The majority of representatives felt the amendment was by law, not about slavery. Lincoln and the republicans wanted the amendment to pass, so did not mention slavery or racial equality, but only equality under law. Everyone was concerned with ending the war rather than ending slavery. The only reason some citizens voted “yes” to pass the 13^th amendment, is because the reason for the war is to end slavery. This is the depiction of race during the civil war.

 For the assignment we were told to give a depiction of homosexuality and gender roles in Lincoln. The only example of homosexuality was when he visited John Hay’s bedroom in the midnight. He patted his thigh and rubbed his head before he left, which is unusual. Afterwards Hay asked Lincoln “did he need company?” Being that Lincoln told him he would rather be alone, I could not determine whether it showed homosexuality or not.

The women’s rights during the Civil War were extremely restricted. They were not able to do the many things men do. Women could not vote, go to war, or barely leave their homes. During the Civil War women were not considered equals at all. “Hundreds of women concealed their identities so they could battle alongside their Union and confederate counterparts.” (Smithsonian Magazine) There were also certain women who were soldiers, cooks, nurses, and also spies during the civil war. Different woman had different roles, but just could not be the same as men. (http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war)

We were also told to give a depiction of the attitude towards the federal government. Abe Lincoln had a way with words and was able to persuade some of both parties to pass the 13^th amendment. He also told lots of stories to get his point across and lighten up the mood. Usually Lincoln, form what I saw on the film, used his power in positive ways. He was not perfect but he most certainly was not a bad individual. I respect Abraham Lincoln for his leadership during his time period in office.

In conclusion, all of Lincoln’s hard work and determination passed the 13^th amendment and changed many people’s lives in great ways. I believe although Lincoln made mistakes we should all admire him for his strong leading role in the United States of America. Him being a father, an abolitionist, a husband, and president all at the same time showed his courage and persistence. Lincoln has made a huge change for our generation and more generations to come in America. He will always be remembered in American history as one of the most prominent leaders ever.

Works Cited for my Research Question English 112

                                                                Works Cited (My Own Research Question)

"How to Contact Record Labels." WikiHow. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013."

"Music Industry Contacts, Music Managers, A&R, Record Label Contacts, Music Producers, Music Management Companies." Music Industry Contacts, Music Managers, A&R, Record Label Contacts, Music Producers, Music Management Companies. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013.

My Own Research Question English 112

Jabari Stafford

English 112

Professor Brandon

4/5/13

                Research question:  How to get in contact with a producer or record label?

                It only took me a few steps to find sources and an answer to my question. My first step was asking other people who are associated with music, “what is the best website to go to, or what would you do?” The second step was to utilize the internet to find more answers and sources myself. Next, was the triangulation step of the process where I find out which source is a more credible source than the other. There were only two sources I trusted for my question. First, was simply researching the record label or producer on a search engine. The website was m.wikihow.com/Contact-Record-Labels. These were answers from other people. The next source is the allmusicindustrycontacts.com. I trust the second source better because it was realistic and a better reputation. The first source seemed very unprofessional being that these suggestions were from random people. The second seemed as if it had more professionalism, and credibility. So, in conclusion, there is no short answer to my question, just a long process which will take a great amount of time.